GROUND REFLECTIONS ON THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECT AND HOUSING, THE DESIGN PROCESS AND PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES
Work done by Camilo Soto
Course Social Housing;
Teachers: Claudio Navarrete, Alejandro Toro, and Graciela Pulgar Claudio
Terreros
REFLECTIONS ON THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECT AND HOUSING , THE DESIGN PROCESS AND PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES
The problem of obtaining housing for low-income families, have been treated over time from different perspectives.
In the early industrial cities of Europe, low-income housing were considered and studied, due to the unsanitary conditions that you gave to your environment. This initiative shows that since those times, and observed that the rulers and people of power, not considered relevant, the idea of \u200b\u200bgenerating a fair habitat conditions. A clear position in order to progress towards the creation of opportunities.
To this we must understand that the habitat influences directly in the development of a life and therefore can not condemn vulnerable social groups, living in conditions that enhance their social reality, not on the other hand, the money flows from pocket all aristocrat and businessman.
In Europe, levels of overcrowding and poverty, it became important to involve the adjacent neighborhoods. This approach gives rise to a "hygienist" of the situation.
After this process and recognizing the consequences it brings for the individual and his family, living in an unhealthy environment, is sought by a vision "care", to alleviate the injustices inherent in these living conditions.
This effort was channeled into a public / private, which would be able to provide minimal room for the working class. Later
industrialized societies of the post-war, half of the century gave rise to a new perspective "sectorial".
European countries found that in addition to providing homes, massive building programs, generated an impetus to economic activities in general. This idea has largely transcended to these times and latitudes, where it notes the intention of multiplying the profit, real estate firms or construction companies. " Its objectives are to facilitate and promote the "mechanization and industrialization" housing, therefore the "dehumanization" of the creative process, which clearly demonstrates the intention of delivering a non-existent housing and particular.
While the need for housing for the lower classes in Chile has been tackled by governments and institutions, has never been willing to provide housing to an individual or family in their particularity. The idea of \u200b\u200b"user unknown" comes mainly from this process and social reality, where unlike the upper classes eliminates the possibility of intervening in the genesis of a family dwelling house, usually for life.
this background necessarily arise questions that challenge the "housing in bulk" and "modernism." What are
and characters it is important to recognize and learn from them?, What approach is given to new generations of architects? What guidelines should prioritize the academic development of future architects? What importance does the University on these issues?. The idea of \u200b\u200bbelieving
/ create / a "modern man", where it seeks to implement ways of living human groups with limited resources, (recalling experiments with animals), this is just a sample of the divine architect of the attack, which designed as the crow flies, who does not consider the inhabitants, or their concerns. These are basically aimed at maintaining their basic needs and the improvement of social status. Perhaps ultimately the proposal can be considered as one of many ideas within the profession, but come to venerate the formal conception, and impart more worrisome academically, regardless of their nuances and exceptions, leading the way in creating the new architecture and a new city.
Al capita is implanted a way of life, regardless of what makes us different, the geography, demographics and identify aspects that these groups, their unique social / cultural. It is no secret to anyone, the diversity of rites, dialects, customs, born in low-income class. How
believe that the most vulnerable people will be able to internalize a way of living, not recognizing him in his individuality?, How not to recognize the diversity which makes us different from each other?, Who is makes it easy to work with the mass production of housing?
PROCESS DESIGN AND PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES
The architectural design has anticipated the need to represent spaces where men unfold their daily lives.
Within this area is where architect has the task of translating the needs and constraints of each resident and provide a habitat that is consistent with such a history. The diversity of cultures, geography and customs, show that every assignment must be considered in its particularity, giving priority to the identity.
These concepts were not precisely considered when looking for housing to find an answer in modernism, unfortunately adopted around the world. Although the movement arises from the need to deliver housing in a Europe destroyed, then not continue with a logical evolutionary process, in line with the social complexity of each human group. Although there were attempts to innovate, they did not know address the complex processes in which it operates habitat construction.
Taking this background, it is evident that the need to provide housing for such diverse groups can not solely be attributed to one discipline, as it is for the architecture and therefore, it becomes evident the need to create multidisciplinary teams to address the problem from all edges and more relevant, shows the need to integrate the inhabitants will live in space projected to participate in the design process.
After considering these events, it must produce a turning point in social housing and prioritize the "participatory design." "The Professional designers are not doing projects for others, but that they create with others what an informed public can project himself. "(1) (1 CYTED Red XIV.Ba" Living and building ")
Due to the distance concepts and how to plot their own projects, it is necessary to create a rapprochement of ideas that can be digested by the inhabitants. At this stage, in which gains importance as the way ideas are transmitted and necessitates the creation of mechanisms that allow them to be understood by the inhabitant. The generation of games, map drawing, editing images, which will bring the problem to a common language.
process participatory design should include steps to enable it to achieve a logical and successive results that contribute to the development of the project. Then mention
general, instances that develop a project through a participatory approach.
Initially, we must produce an approximation to the problem, where the resident and the multidisciplinary team approach to produce, from the need to solve the problem.
Then, by developing a stage of research and knowledge should find useful information for project development. Within
generation of design ideas, is the stage where it is necessary to find a common language that is clearly understood by the resident, that allows the possibility of experimentation and facilitate
collectively generate ideas and design criteria. Finally the realization and evaluation of the process, where it seeks to obtain a final draft agreed with all stakeholders.
The basis for a new way of conceiving the design is in a different way of approaching reality:
_ "The reality must be built through a combination of different perspectives or viewpoints.
_ Any category invented to describe reality is only a transitional means to explain the process, therefore, the categories are not universal but always referred to a specific context.
A different approach to design:
- Any design problem can always be viewed as a symptom of another problem.
- Most design problems have no single, definitive formulation.
- there are no neutral and objective criteria to characterize a solution as correct or false.
-each design issue offers a considerable degree of singularities, so it is difficult to consistently apply universal solutions. "(2) (2 CYTED Red XIV.Ba" Living and building ")
There are those who believe that by including the inhabitants and other disciplines in the design process, it restricts the grain artistic / creative characteristic of our profession, limiting this to a godlike status and elite that can solve all kinds of questions, without the vision of those are directly related to such problems.
Due to the complexity and constraints of the problem, the solution should consider different variables, so it is necessary to generate an instrument for the articulation of ideas from different perspectives, which will work around the wants and needs particular the inhabitant, adding to the initial conditions of the project. You have to understand that the wealth of work with different actors and disciplines, achieved a more solid, real and finish.
SOCIAL HOUSING IN CHILE
development in the history of our country, housing policies have existed since 1906. Towards the period of 1990-2000 is achieved reducing the housing deficit carried over from the dictatorship, reducing it from 40% to 19%, placing it in Latin America as the country with greater improvements in this area.
In the first half of the twentieth century, generated a number of institutions that have contributed to the housing policies. Born in this period, Rooms Workers Councils, the Popular Housing Fund, the Fund of Housing and the Corporation for Reconstruction and Relief. By 1953
generated Housing Corporation (CORVI), and was succeeded in 1965 with the emergence of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. Along with this will generate 3 new corporations, which are responsible for shaping the city. Urban Improvement Corporation (CORMU), the Urban Works Corporation (COU) and the Housing Services Corporation (CORHABIT).
By the late 60's, the process was consolidated, with the greatest, in my view, regarding housing solutions to the most neglected social sectors. Given the social ferment of the period and the political and overall operation of the nation, which promulgated a clear commitment to the cause. During this period regional ministries born (SEREMI), which were directly related to the regionalization of the country, together with the merger of CORVI, CORMU, COU, giving way to service CORHABIT Housing and Urban Development (SERVIU).
In the period of dictatorship has the longest period of social stagnation and lack of will and objectives that aim to improve the quality of the room low-income sectors, marked by the inability of those who seized power and their marked economic ideas. In addition to the lack of housing needs to express, on cancellation of land occupations, I started the idea of \u200b\u200b"demand subsidy", it endorses the responsibility to those affected, taking these to take a large percentage of the cost of housing and increasing the percentage of relatives. Towards the 90
urgency exists to end the housing shortage, focusing on quantitative aspects of housing quality.
In the late twentieth century emphasizes the sense of location and design of housing, increased to reach 90% urbanization in Chile (census 2002).
Today, the idea of \u200b\u200bparticipation commonly the inhabitant in our country, acquires features characteristic of a process of communication or information from the project. Where the inhabitant is shown a process already finished, sits waiting for the decision has already been completed.
is necessary to repeat the experience in which citizens play a key role, and considering their opinions for the generation of projects based on consensus. And that new generations of professionals have internalized the right way to conduct responses to socially and economically vulnerable groups, to be made very clear that they have the same right to choose and participate in building your home, such as do the groups accommodated. This observation becomes even more important, considering that low-income groups focus their priorities, meet your first order, and while living housing quality of life will suffer greatly and influence in the overall task of the family. Bibliography
-social Housing, reflections and experience. Joan Mac Donald.
-A century of policies on housing and neighborhood. MINVU. Chile
"The architect and the progressive model. Joan Mac Donald Architects
-family. The method. Architects of the community. Rodolfo Livingston.
-Ibero-American Science and Technology for Development - CYTED Red XIV.Ba "Living and building"
Camilo Soto is a student of Architecture at the University of Chile.
